What makes egypt an ledc

People with relative wealth in Sudan live in Khartoum, Port Sudan, and near the Nile River, where conditions are relatively better. Only small groups of people in the country would be considered "rich. According to Human Development Report , Comparatively, in Egypt the number is only 9. The early death of so many Sudanese can be traced to the violence but also to the lack of basic necessities.

About 27 percent of the population do not have access to safe water in Egypt, 13 percent ; while 30 percent have no access to health services in Egypt, 1 percent. For children under the age of 5 years old, 34 percent are underweight in Egypt, 12 percent. All of these numbers underscore the difficulty that most people face in Sudan.

One of the problems is that after the country began to produce oil, agriculture was neglected. Reporters Without Borders says Egypt is "one of the world's biggest prisons" for journalists. Read full media profile. Some key dates in Egypt's history:. Successive dynasties witness flourishing trade, prosperity and the development of great cultural traditions. A Macedonian dynasty rules until 31 BC.

Queen Cleopatra commits suicide after Octavian's army defeats her forces. He sets up Egypt in opposition to the conservative Arab monarchies of the Gulf and Western interests in the Middle East.

Army chief Abdul Fattah al-Sisi takes over. Egypt State Information Service. Egyptian Presidency. Arab Republic of Egypt Capital: Cairo. Total general government revenues in Africa are African social security systems are mostly undeveloped, whereas they amount to a source of public revenues equivalent to 8. When it comes to private domestic resources, gross private savings are 5.

In , conversely, external financial flows to Africa were 9. In , remittances remained the main sources of external financial flows, for 14 African countries, and for the African continent as a whole Table 4 and Figure 3.

None of the main sources of development finance have kept up with population growth. In , on average, African governments had revenues amounting to USD per capita compared with over 15 for European and high-income countries.

Not only do Africans have fewer external sources of financing, but their ability to mobilise domestic revenues through either private savings or taxation has reduced with the decline in African real per capita growth after Source of revenues. Financial flows by year.

Inward foreign direct investment. Official development assistance net total, all donors. Total foreign inflows. Private savings. A reduction in economic activity will reduce tax bases, and generally reduce tax-to-GDP ratios.

Moreover, public revenues will decline as governments reduce taxes in an effort to encourage an economic recovery, and as tax collections are suspended during the pandemic. This could induce both delays and reductions in taxes collected during The crisis will also affect non-tax revenues, especially rents from the exploitation of natural resources.

Private savings will also be affected by economic disruptions without income support measures that most governments may find difficult to finance. Suspension of economic activities suppressing wages and business income, which are not accompanied by cancellation or restructuring of debt and rent payments, will likely reduce household savings.

An increase in private debt may follow. Interventions may be required to prevent a debt overhang from crippling the recovery and the role of banks and other financial service providers will be important for ensuring an effective implementation of income support measures.

Private foreign investment will be affected by economic conditions in both Africa, and in investor countries. If COVID continues to act as a drag on high-income countries, fewer funds will be available for investment in Africa, while persistent — real or perceived — risk and lower growth prospects in Africa will reduce its FDI attractiveness. Portfolio investors in search of safe assets may further increase their sales of African bonds, stock and other financial assets, triggering more capital outflows.

Remittances could decrease if the economic depression in OECD countries and in oil-producing countries reduces income of the African diaspora. Remittances are the biggest source of external financial flows to Africa USD In addition, remittances tend to be far more stable as a source of revenue than other external financial flows having almost consistently increased since However, the economic recession and confinement measures preventing senders from working and earning money could reduce remittances inflows coming from the African diaspora in the coming months.

The outlook for official development assistance ODA and other official flows is uncertain. Going forward, the level of ODA Africans will receive may depend in part on how the pandemic affects donor countries and to what extent the fiscal response to the crisis in OECD countries and beyond will impact aid budgets.

The spreading of the virus seems to be slower across the African continent than in other world regions. The US currently predicts that they will need more than ICU beds under a moderate outbreak scenario.

By comparison, the number of ICU beds is 55 in Uganda, a country with a population of 42 million people. According to WHO data, across Africa there are only approximately 1. This is compared to 6. Data collected by Afrobarometer Round 7 from more than 45 respondents across 34 African countries over highlight that hundreds of millions lack access to healthcare Howard, [30] or clean water for frequent handwashing and cleaning Howard, [31] , a critical means of limiting the spread of the virus Figure 4.

Note : Respondents were asked: Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family: Gone without enough clean water for home use? Gone without medicines or medical treatment? Patients with other active diseases such as Lassa fever 2 in Nigeria and Ebola in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3 may also be affected. The health crisis could have an impact on treating other diseases in Africa.

In Europe, governments have postponed non-urgent treatments to after the lockdown phase. Moreover, the implementation of lockdown policies could have negative impact on other infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis TB 4. The full health impact of the pandemic in Africa is not yet known.

Yet, many African countries will need international support and resources to minimise the loss of life, and to protect and restore livelihoods. In fact, Africa is the least prepared region in the world to tackle and manage the impacts of a global pandemic, and thus large domestic and international resource mobilisation initiatives to support fragile national health systems shall be prioritised and co-ordinated at continental level.

Countries in West and Central Africa may have useful lessons to offer from their recent experience with the Ebola crisis. The WHO has acknowledged how the fight against the Ebola virus has contributed to significant developments, such as infrastructure and skills for laboratory testing, exchanges of capacities across countries, partnerships among technical agencies, international organisations and the private sector, and public health awareness among the population.

Local health systems in Sierra Leone came up with effective responses, with Community Care Centres testing, treating and isolating patients. Given the weakness of central healthcare systems and the absence of wider technical solutions, similar community-based responses should be supported, while noting the differences between the Ebola and COVID pandemics.

Other countries like Liberia have rapidly reinforced capacities of health authorities to put monitoring mechanisms in place to face the current epidemic, which could offer lessons for other African countries facing similar constraints. The informal workforce bears the highest vulnerability, due to poor working health and safety conditions, and lack of safety nets. As more and more African countries go under coronavirus lockdown, survival for many may be threatened not only by COVID, but also by an inability to work.

Informal workers such as traders, retail, and manual workers will be among the hardest hit if lockdowns force them out of work. Given their poor working and living conditions, informal workers will likely be unable to take many of the precautions suggested by health authorities, such as social distancing or self-isolation. Informal workers are not accounted for and do not benefit from social protection measures. The absence of safety nets to confront the consequences of this shock will thus worsen its consequences on large segments of the population.

Without strong policy intervention, the crisis may exacerbate resentment among the most vulnerable communities. South Africa, currently the African country most hit by the contagion, ranks among the 5 most unequal countries in the world as measured by the Gini Index. Pre-existing social and political vulnerabilities risk magnifying the effects of the crisis. Countries affected by challenging social and political conditions — such as political instability and conflicts, food shortages, or high concentration of refugee camps — are most vulnerable to the effects of the contagion.

Based on nine socio-demographic 6 dimensions of vulnerability, the Africa Center for Strategic Studies, [35] reports that South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan and Nigeria are the most exposed, mainly due to i poor health systems, ii existing armed conflicts, iii large displaced populations in refugee camps, iv total population living in urban areas, and v low government transparency and trust in public institutions.

The pandemic is already having an impact on the delivery of humanitarian assistance The New Humanitarian, [36]. For the most vulnerable populations, international support to limit the spread of the virus at an early-stage will be vitally important, as well as enhancing transparent public health guidance and communications by public authorities.

The vast majority of African countries have put in place containment measures similar to those implemented by OECD countries, from closing their land borders to complete country lockdowns. Moreover, most African countries lack sophisticated healthcare systems, and many also lack the capacity to produce essential medical supplies. They are particularly vulnerable to export restrictions by OECD and other major medical producing countries.

Build preparedness and early detection mechanisms to contain the contagion. Communicate and adopt context-specific measures to limit the contagion: frequent hand washing, case isolation, bans on public gatherings, lockdowns, etc. Check systematically all suspected cases in order to ensure early detection of the infection.

Support the use of mobile apps for contact tracing, while ensuring anonymity and user protection. Revise government budget prioritising emergency spending in healthcare systems and medical supplies. Deploy emergency measures in highly informal sectors.

Support public health services : ensure continuity of essential services through health precautions and personal protective equipment; provide daily clean water and community hand washing facilities; re-purpose some services and public buildings e.

Ensure income replacement : deliver universal income for workers below USD 4 per day in PPP; provide cash and mobile money transfers to support those who are most affected by the lockdown; re-purpose production to provide alternative employment. Strengthen food chain security : encourage food crop production, rather than cash crops; ensure continuity of agriculture activities and food supplies to most vulnerable towns and cities.

Eliminate export bans and other distortions that constrain access to essential medical supplies. Dismantle export restrictions of essential medical goods which are fragmenting production and preventing economies of scale, thereby increasing costs and affecting many African countries that rely heavily on imports of medical supplies. Apply temporary reductions or elimination of import tariffs on essential medical products on a permanent basis, in order to lower prices and create more predictability in the supply chains and production networks of medical products.

Advance international regulatory co-operation efforts to address technical barriers to trade and other standards in medical products, so as to make them as flexible and least trade-restive as possible while fulfilling legitimate goals on safety and security.

Stimulate investments in the medical supplies sector, reinforcing the regulatory regime — including intellectual property rights — and stepping up co-operation efforts to mobilise private investment. Most African countries lack the fiscal space and capacity to adopt robust short-run stimulus measures, or are constrained by monetary arrangements that prevent them from implementing national strategies.

Many like Kenya, Ghana, Morocco, and Mauritius have initiated national stimulus programmes and launched structural reforms to improve their medium-term fiscal outlooks. International co-operation and public debt relief arrangements need to support the most vulnerable economies, and be particularly mindful of conflict-ridden and fragile states. Target fiscal and monetary measures to channel liquidity to strategic sectors, SMEs and households.

In particular, prioritise interventions in low-income countries most vulnerable to shocks in trade flows with China and Europe; commodities- and oil-dependent economies; and countries most affected by the health emergency and national lockdown measures. Enact a co-ordinated global response to the COVID crisis, including public debt management arrangements for the most vulnerable and indebted economies.

The response to the crisis calls for global co-ordination and an open and supportive multilateral system. African finance ministers have called for immediate emergency economic stimulus of USD billion.

This includes the waiver of all interest payments on public debt and on sovereign bonds, which ministers estimated at USD 44 billion for The World Bank and the IMF highlighted the need to provide debt relief to poorer countries hit by the coronavirus pandemic, and said official bilateral creditors would have to play a major role.

The G20 Action Plan and its standstill clause is a step in the right direction; as indicated there, private creditors should join in the effort on comparable terms with official creditors.

Progress with national plans to foster intra-African trade. The accelerated liberalisation of tariffs can boost intra-regional trade and partly offset the difficulties in importing from external partners. Equally important, the liberalisation of key services covered under AfCFTA, such as business and finance services, combined with the liberalisation of communications, notably ICT, can help support the expansion of digital-enabled services which are relatively resilient to the crisis.

Countries could also consider incorporating the health sector as part of the priority sectors covered under the AfCFTA in order to enhance efficiency and regulatory standards in the health systems of the region. Press on with policies to achieve the SDGs and Agenda Strengthen health systems, expand social protection coverage, and integrate gender-sensitive responses. Strengthen health systems. Expand social protection coverage. The development of national social protection action plans that define the scope and coverage of public provision of services through government agencies, social insurance, private insurance, employers, and micro-insurance schemes is key to achieving universal protection and improve its quality.

Gender-sensitive responses. Risks to women and girls are also exacerbated if health systems divert resources from sexual and reproductive healthcare to respond to the epidemic.

As of 9 April , Africa had seen the largest number of mobile clinics delivering sexual and reproductive healthcare close: of them have been shut. Implement trade integration measures and accelerate progress towards the next phases of the African Continental Free Trade Area AfCFTA and productive transformation to strengthen regional value chains and local value addition.